[110][111] The city's industrial sector was in large part gone, with many workers among the casualties and the dockyard heavily damaged. These factors drove a major military, industrial, and residential expansion of the city,[11] and the weight of goods passing through the harbour increased nearly ninefold. [153][154] The Halifax Explosion also inspired a series of health reforms, including around public sanitation and maternity care. L'explosion engendra un tsunami et une onde de choc si puissante qu'e… [126] A combination of persistent racism and a growing conviction that Africville should be demolished to make way for industrial development resulted in the people of Africville receiving no police or fire protection; they had to make do without water mains and sewer lines, despite paying city taxes. [52] The frantic crew of Mont-Blanc shouted from their two lifeboats to some of the other vessels that their ship was about to explode, but they could not be heard above the noise and confusion. Imo's prow pushed into the No. On the morning of December 6, 1917, a navigation accident occurred where two vessels collided in the narrows of the Halifax Harbor. Status: Pending. [162][163] Harold Gilman was commissioned to create a painting memorializing the event; his work, Halifax Harbour at Sunset, "tells very little about the recent devastation, as the viewpoint is set back so that the harbour appears undisturbed". Dabei kollidierte der französische Munitionsfrachter Mont Blanc mit dem norwegischen Schiff Imo. Guess this will be my last message. [54], Towing two scows at the time of the collision,[39] Stella Maris responded immediately to the fire, anchoring the barges and steaming back towards Pier 6 to spray the burning ship with their fire hose. [32] Ships were restricted to a speed of 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) within the harbour. El choque entre el buque noruego SS Imo y el SS Mont-Blanc , un carguero francés lleno de material explosivo, produjo una explosión de 2,9 kilotones, dejando tras de sí 1.600 muertos, 9.000 heridos y la destrucción de gran parte de la ciudad. [22] A large army garrison protected the city with forts, gun batteries, and anti-submarine nets. [15] In 1915, management of the harbour fell under the control of the Royal Canadian Navy under the supervision of Captain Superintendent Edward Harrington Martin; by 1917 there was a growing naval fleet in Halifax, including patrol ships, tugboats, and minesweepers. A Nova Scotia Supreme Court justice, Benjamin Russell, found there was no evidence to support these charges. The Norwegian ship SS Imo had sailed from the Netherlands en route to New York to take on relief supplies for Belgium, under the command of Haakon From. [112] Nova Scotia Hospital was the only hospital in Dartmouth and many of the victims were treated there. By late January 1918, around 5,000 were still without shelter. "[5] Halifax and Dartmouth had thrived during times of war; the harbour was one of the British Royal Navy's most important bases in North America, a centre for wartime trade, and a home to privateers who harried the British Empire's enemies during the American Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812. [26] Ships carrying dangerous cargo were not allowed into the harbour before the war, but the risks posed by German submarines had resulted in a relaxation of regulations. The ship entered the Narrows well above the harbour's speed limit in an attempt to make up for the delay experienced in loading her coal. In the final moments before the explosion, hoses were being unrolled as the fire spread to the docks. [14] The outbreak of the war brought Halifax back to prominence. [87][88], Royal Navy cruisers in port sent some of the first organized rescue parties ashore. Ships were expected to keep close to the side of the channel situated on their starboard ("right"), and pass oncoming vessels "port to port", that is to keep them on their "left" side. [148] Prime Minister Robert Borden pledged that the government would be "co-operating in every way to reconstruct the Port of Halifax: this was of utmost importance to the Empire". The Halifax community remembers the disaster each December 6 with a service at the memorial bell tower located in Fort Needham Park. Nearly 2,000 people died and some 9,000 were injured in the disaster, which flattened more than 1 square mile (2.5 square km) of the city of Halifax. Schedule: From 20:00 on 1 Dec 2020 to 06:00 on 2 Dec 2020. [146][128] The first of these homes was occupied by March 1919. [159] The Halifax Explosion Memorial Bells were built in 1985, relocating memorial carillon bells from a nearby church to a large concrete sculpture on Fort Needham Hill, facing the "ground zero" area of the explosion. [165][166] Following in MacLennan's footsteps, journalist Robert MacNeil penned Burden of Desire (1992) and used the explosion as a metaphor for the societal and cultural changes of the day. [53] As the lifeboats made their way across the harbour to the Dartmouth shore, the abandoned ship continued to drift and beached herself at Pier 6 near the foot of Richmond street. [161] Fragments of Mont-Blanc have been mounted as neighbourhood monuments to the explosion at Albro Lake Road in Dartmouth, at Regatta Point, and elsewhere in the area. [65] Imo was carried onto the shore at Dartmouth by the tsunami. [20] Merchant ships gathered at Bedford Basin on the northwestern end of the harbour, which was protected by two sets of anti-submarine nets and guarded by patrol ships of the Royal Canadian Navy. [111] About $30 million in financial aid was raised from various sources,[118] including $18 million from the federal government, over $4 million from the British government, and $750,000 from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The loading of fuel was not completed until after the anti-sub… More than 1,600 buildings were destroyed by the wave, and debris was scattered for several miles. Chargé de munitions, il s’apprête à rejoindre un convoi vers l’Europe. was the halifax explosion an accident. Temperatures of 5,000 °C (9,000 °F) and pressures of thousands of atmospheres accompanied the moment of detonation at the centre of the explosion. [1] A tsunami created by the blast wiped out the community of the Mi'kmaq First Nation who had lived in the Tufts Cove area for generations. [60] Mont-Blanc's forward 90-mm gun landed approximately 5.6 kilometres (3.5 mi) north of the explosion site near Albro Lake in Dartmouth with its barrel melted away, and the shank of Mont-Blanc's anchor, weighing half a ton, landed 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) south at Armdale. [23] All neutral ships bound for ports in North America were required to report to Halifax for inspection. [75][99], Led by Lieutenant Governor MacCallum Grant, leading citizens formed the Halifax Relief Commission at around noon. The ship arrived in Halifax on 3 December for neutral inspection and spent two days in Bedford Basin awaiting refuelling supplies. Destruction was widespread, with many homes destroyed or damaged. [27] Though she had been given clearance to leave the port on 5 December, Imo's departure was delayed because her coal load did not arrive until late that afternoon. Ammunition ship afire in harbor making for Pier 6 and will explode. Directly opposite to Pier 9 on the Halifax side sat a community in Tufts Cove, also known as Turtle Grove. [120], There were small enclaves of Mi'kmaq in and around the coves of Bedford Basin on the Dartmouth shore. [41][38][46] The captain ordered Mont-Blanc to halt her engines and angle slightly to starboard, closer to the Dartmouth side of the Narrows. Die Halifax-Explosion war eine Katastrophe, die sich am 6. By 1917, "Halifax’s inner harbour had become a principal assembly point for merchant convoys leaving for Britain and France. [134], A judicial inquiry known as the Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry was formed to investigate the causes of the collision. The initial informal response was soon joined by surviving policemen, firefighters and military personnel who began to arrive, as did anyone with a working vehicle; cars, trucks and delivery wagons of all kinds were enlisted to collect the wounded. Le matin du 6 décembre 1917, une collision entre deux bateaux dans le port d'Halifax cause une énorme déflagration. [66] The blast killed all but one on the whaler, everyone on the pinnace and 21 of the 26 men on Stella Maris; she ended up on the Dartmouth shore, severely damaged. [135] Drysdale agreed with Dominion Wreck Commissioner L. A. Demers' opinion that "it was the Mont-Blanc's responsibility alone to ensure that she avoided a collision at all costs" given her cargo;[136] he was likely influenced by local opinion, which was strongly anti-French, as well as by the "street fighter" style of argumentation used by Imo lawyer Charles Burchell. Nine members of the Halifax Fire Department lost their lives performing their duty that day. An additional 9000 people were injured and 25,000 buildings spread over 325 acres were destroyed. [139] On 17 April 1918, a jury acquitted Wyatt in a trial that lasted less than a day. Halifax explosion of 1917, disaster in Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada, in which a munitions ship exploded, killing nearly 2,000 people. Because the pilot and the captain were arrested on the same warrant, the charges against Le Médec were also dismissed. [144][128] The planners designed 326 large homes that each faced a tree-lined, paved boulevard. [138] All three men were charged with manslaughter and criminal negligence at a preliminary hearing heard by Stipendiary Magistrate Richard A. McLeod, and bound over for trial. [135][138][141] No party was ever convicted for any crime or otherwise successfully prosecuted for any actions that precipitated the disaster. Horatio Brannen, the captain of Stella Maris, saw Imo approaching at excessive speed and ordered his ship closer to the western shore to avoid an accident. Updates? The confusion hampered efforts for over two hours until fears were dispelled by about noon. The Canadian Government Railways created a special unit to clear and repair railway yards as well as rebuild railway piers and the Naval Dockyard. On the morning of December 6, 1917, a navigation accident occurred where two vessels collided in the narrows of the Halifax Harbor. [131] It turned out that the letter was actually written in Norwegian. [173], Coordinates: 44°40′09″N 63°35′47″W / 44.66917°N 63.59639°W / 44.66917; -63.59639, This article is about the disaster. [140], Drysdale also oversaw the first civil litigation trial, in which the owners of the two ships sought damages from each other. [105][74], Relief efforts were hampered the following day by a blizzard that blanketed Halifax with 16 inches (41 cm) of heavy snow. It has now become an upscale neighbourhood and shopping district. at the windows of their homes or businesses to watch the spectacular fire. An extensive comparison of 130 major explosions by Halifax historian Jay White in 1994 concluded that it "remains unchallenged in overall magnitude as long as five criteria are considered together: number of casualties, force of blast, radius of devastation, quantity of explosive material, and total value of property destroyed. At the 6 december of 1917 at 8:45 am "Mont Blanc" collide with the norwegian Ship "Imo". [94] Uniformed officers ordered everyone away from the area. [171] The tree is Boston's official Christmas tree and is lit on Boston Common throughout the holiday season. Aftermath of the 1917 Halifax Explosion Nearly all structures within an 800-metre (half-mile) radius, including the community of Richmond, were obliterated. . [112] The physical structures of the settlement were obliterated by the explosion and tsunami. [55] The tug's captain, Horatio H. Brannen, and his crew realized that the fire was too intense for their single hose and backed off from the burning Mont Blanc. The combination of the cargoless ship's height in the water and the transverse thrust of her right-hand propeller caused the ship's head to swing into Mont-Blanc. 2019 bk 144 - The explosion at Halifax on December 6, 1917 was the largest man-made explosion until the the atomic bomb explosions in 1945. Windows were shattered and many buildings were damaged or destroyed, including the Oland Brewery and parts of the Starr Manufacturing Company. The collision and fire attracted crowds of spectators on the docks and in nearby homes and streets. As crowds gathered, drawn in by the rising pall of smoke, emergency personnel tried to control the damage. [145] They specified that the homes be built with a new and innovative fireproof material, blocks of compressed cement called Hydrostone. Approximately 2,000 people were killed by the blast, debris, fires, or collapsed buildings, and an estimated 9,000 others were injured. Canadian/Irish actor Vincent Walsh won a Gemini for best actor portraying Captain Charlie Collins. Therefore, the vessel could not weigh anchor until the next morning. [91] Troops at gun batteries and barracks immediately turned out in case the city was under attack, but within an hour switched from defence to rescue roles as the cause and location of the explosion were determined. [149] Captain Symington of USS Tacoma speculated that the port would not be operational for months,[150] but a convoy departed on 11 December and dockyard operations resumed before Christmas. [68], Over 1,600 people were killed instantly and 9,000 were injured, more than 300 of whom later died. [146] Once finished, the Hydrostone neighbourhood consisted of homes, businesses and parks, which helped create a new sense of community in the North End of Halifax. [130] Immediately following the explosion, most of the German survivors in Halifax had been rounded up and imprisoned. [41] Mont-Blanc headed towards Bedford Basin on the Dartmouth side of the harbour. A fire on board the French ship ignited her cargo, causing a massive explosion that devastated the Richmond district of Halifax. As the Royal Canadian Navy had virtually no seaworthy ships of its own, the Royal Navy assumed responsibility for maintaining Atlantic trade routes by re-adopting Halifax as its North American base of operations. Almost 100 people were estimated to have died on the Dartmouth side. The area of Halifax along the shoreline⁠— what had been known as Richmond⁠— made up the majority of what would soon come to be known as the Devastated Area. [51][50] A growing number of Halifax citizens gathered on the street or stood at the windows of their homes or businesses to watch the spectacular fire. [70] A US Coast Guard cutter, USRC Morrill, also sent a rescue party ashore. He was the only member of the eight-man crew of the fire engine Patricia to survive. [103], Rescue trains were dispatched from across Atlantic Canada, as well as the northeastern United States. [90] Spotting the large and rising column of smoke, Tacoma altered course and arrived to assist rescue at 2 pm. Full service resumed on 9 December when tracks were cleared and the North Street Station reopened. [121][122] The fire aboard Mont-Blanc drew the attention of many onlookers on both sides of the harbour. The overnight train from Saint John was just approaching the city when hit by the blast but was only slightly damaged. [48] Both ships had cut their engines by this point, but their momentum carried them right on top of each other at slow speed. All available troops were called in from harbour fortifications and barracks to the North End to rescue survivors and provide transport to the city's hospitals, including the two army hospitals in the city. [167] Keith Ross Leckie scripted a miniseries entitled Shattered City: The Halifax Explosion (2003), which took the title but has no relationship to Janet Kitz's non-fiction book Shattered City: The Halifax Explosion and the Road to Recovery (1990). Thousands of people had stopped to watch the ship burning in the harbour, many from inside buildings, leaving them directly in the path of glass fragments from shattered windows. A tsunami was formed by water surging in to fill the void;[64] it rose as high as 18 metres (60 ft) above the high-water mark on the Halifax side of the harbour. [62] The shock wave from the blast travelled through the earth at nearly 23 times the speed of sound and was felt as far away as Cape Breton (207 kilometres or 129 miles) and Prince Edward Island (180 kilometres or 110 miles). However, just after 9:04 am, the Mont-Blanc exploded. Le Mont-Blanc prit feu et explosa vingt minutes plus tard, tuant 2 000 personnes et en blessant des milliers d'autres. [16], The population of Halifax/Dartmouth had increased to between 60,000 and 65,000 people by 1917. Reason: Barrier repairs are planned. Coleman's message was responsible for bringing all incoming trains around Halifax to a halt. Adams, inspired by the Victorian garden city movement, aimed to provide public access to green spaces and to create a low-rise, low-density and multifunctional urban neighbourhood. At roughly 8:45 am, she collided at low speed, approximately one knot (1.2 mph or 1.9 km/h), with the unladen Imo, chartered by the Commission for Relief in Belgium to pick up a cargo of relief supplies in New York. [4] The Nova Scotia cotton mill located 1.5 km (0.93 mile) from the blast was destroyed by fire and the collapse of its concrete floors. [97][98], Surviving railway workers in the railyards at the heart of the disaster carried out rescue work, pulling people from the harbour and from under debris. [9] The British garrison left the city in late 1905 and early 1906. [147] In contrast, the equally poor and underdeveloped area of Africville was not included in reconstruction efforts. [169], In 1918, Halifax sent a Christmas tree to the City of Boston in thanks and remembrance for the help that the Boston Red Cross and the Massachusetts Public Safety Committee provided immediately after the disaster. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Omissions? Location: The M621 eastbound between junctions J3 (City Centre) and J7 (Stourton) . [75] He was honoured with a Heritage Minute in the 1990s, inducted into the Canadian Railway Hall of Fame in 2004,[77] and a new Halifax-Dartmouth Ferry was named for him in 2018. Relief efforts began almost immediately, and hospitals quickly became full. [158] In 2015, the remaining fragments were shipped to Bonet's family in Montreal despite a public campaign to return the sculpture to memorial display. [168] The film was criticized for distortions and inaccuracies. "[152] For many years afterward, the Halifax Explosion was the standard by which all large blasts were measured. [59][27] White-hot shards of iron fell down upon Halifax and Dartmouth. A cloud of steam shot out of ventilators at the ammunition magazine at Wellington Barracks as naval personnel extinguished a fire by the magazine. The munitions ship drifted towards the pier and after twenty minutes blew sky high. On the Mont-Blanc, the impact damaged benzol barrels stored on deck, leaking vapours which were ignited by sparks from the collision, setting off a fire on board that quickly grew out of control. [92], Dazed survivors immediately feared that the explosion was the result of a bomb dropped from a German plane. [64] Hundreds of people who had been watching the fire from their homes were blinded when the blast wave shattered the windows in front of them. It was at this point that the blast occurred. [73] The Richmond Railway Yards and station were destroyed, killing 55 railway workers and destroying and damaging over 500 railway cars. Sailor Victor Magnus captured the scene when a ship carrying explosives caught fire in Halifax, Canada, resulting in the deaths of 2,000 people. Rescue trains began arriving the day of the explosion from across Nova Scotia and New Brunswick while other trains from central Canada and the northeastern United States were impeded by blizzards. [157] The sculpture was dismantled by the Halifax Regional Municipality in 2004 and largely destroyed while in storage. 1 hold of Mont Blanc, on her starboard side. [135] The inquiry's report of 4 February 1918 blamed Mont-Blanc's captain, Aimé Le Médec, the ship's pilot, Francis Mackey, and Commander F. Evan Wyatt, the Royal Canadian Navy's chief examining officer in charge of the harbour, gates and anti-submarine defences, for causing the collision. [30] She intended to join a slow convoy gathering in Bedford Basin readying to depart for Europe but was too late to enter the harbour before the nets were raised. [113] A company of the Royal Canadian Engineers (RCE) repaired and converted the basement of the school to serve as a morgue and classrooms to serve as offices for the Halifax coroner. HMS Highflyer, along with the armed merchant cruisers HMS Changuinola, HMS Knight Templar and HMS Calgarian, sent boats ashore with rescue parties and medical personnel and soon began to take wounded aboard. The force of the wave heaved the Imo toward the shore where it became grounded. At 9:05 a.m., in the harbor of Halifax in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, the most devastating manmade explosion in the pre-atomic age occurs when the Mont Blanc, a French munitions ship, explodes 20 minutes after colliding with another vessel. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Halifax-explosion, The Canadian Encyclopedia - The Halifax Explosion, Canadian War Museum - The Halifax Explosion. [47], Sailors on nearby ships heard the series of signals and, realizing that a collision was imminent, gathered to watch as Imo bore down on Mont-Blanc. Construction of temporary shelters to house the many people left homeless began soon after the disaster. It was heard by other stations all along the Intercolonial Railway, helping railway officials to respond immediately. [142] A reconstruction committee under Colonel Robert Low constructed 832 new housing units, which were furnished by the Massachusetts-Halifax Relief Fund. Trucks and wagons soon began to arrive with bodies. [27][63] An area of over 160 hectares (400 acres) was completely destroyed by the explosion,[61] and the harbour floor was momentarily exposed by the volume of water that was displaced. Approximately 20 minutes later at 9:04:35 am, the Mont-Blanc exploded. Coleman remembered that an incoming passenger train from Saint John, New Brunswick, was due to arrive at the railyard within minutes. [27] Every building within a 2.6-kilometre (1.6 mi) radius, over 12,000 in total, was destroyed or badly damaged. [6][7], The completion of the Intercolonial Railway and its Deep Water Terminal in 1880 allowed for increased steamship trade and led to accelerated development of the port area,[8] but Halifax faced an economic downturn in the 1890s as local factories lost ground to competitors in central Canada. [112] In 1917, Richmond was considered a working-class neighbourhood and had few paved roads. After the first anniversary, the city stopped commemorating the explosion for decades. Almost 2,000 people were killed and many more were injured. Across the harbour, in Dartmouth, there was also widespread damage. Simple monuments mark the mass graves of explosion victims at the Fairview Lawn Cemetery and the Bayers Road Cemetery. The North Street Station, one of the busiest in Canada, was badly damaged. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Patrick Vincent Coleman (13 March 1872 – 6 December 1917) was a train dispatcher for the Canadian Government Railways (formerly the ICR, Intercolonial Railway of Canada) who was killed in the Halifax Explosion, but not before he sent a message to an incoming passenger train to stop out of range of the explosion. [69] Stoves and lamps overturned by the force of the blast sparked fires throughout Halifax,[70] particularly in the North End, where entire city blocks were caught up in the inferno, trapping residents inside their houses. This is a true story about the horrific explosion in Halifax harbour in Dec 1917. The Halifax Explosion was a disaster that occurred in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, on the morning of 6 December 1917. News of the disaster spread quickly, and aid soon arrived from within Canada as well as from the United States. As Imo's engines kicked in, she disengaged, which created sparks inside Mont-Blanc's hull. [101][102] Men and women turned out to serve as everything from hospital aides to shelter staff, while children contributed to the relief effort by carrying messages from site to site. Bei der Kollision geriet die Mont Blanc in Brand und explodierte. A Memorial Book listing the names of all the known victims is displayed at the Halifax North Memorial Library and at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic, which has a large permanent exhibit about the Halifax Explosion. Halifax Explosion on 6 December 1917: 2.9 kt of TNT (12 TJ) 5. [4] A pressure wave snapped trees, bent iron rails, demolished buildings, grounded vessels (including Imo, which was washed ashore by the ensuing tsunami), and scattered fragments of Mont-Blanc for kilometres. L'explosion de Halifax se produisit le 6 décembre 1917 à Halifax, en Nouvelle-Écosse au Canada, lorsque le cargo français Mont-Blanc, transportant des munitions à destination de l'Europe alors en guerre, entra en collision avec un navire norvégien, l'Imo. They were approached by a whaler from HMS Highflyer and later a steam pinnace belonging to HMCS Niobe. His decision (27 April 1918) found Mont-Blanc entirely at fault. The loading of fuel was not completed until after the anti-submarine nets had been raised for the night. [123] The Halifax Remembrance Book lists 16 members of the Tufts Cove Community as dead; not all the dead listed as in Tufts Cove were Indigenous. Dezember 1917 in Halifax an der kanadischen Ostküste ereignete. Proceedings began at the Halifax Court House on 13 December 1917, presided over by Justice Arthur Drysdale. [13], Just before the First World War, the Canadian government began a determined, costly effort to develop the harbour and waterfront facilities. [10][11] The Canadian government took over the Halifax Dockyard (now CFB Halifax) from the Royal Navy. [75][76] Passenger Train No. A fire started at the water line and travelled quickly up the side of the ship. That’s when, on the morning of December 6, 1917, a massive shock wave, often called the largest manmade explosion before the atomic bomb, stopped the clock. On December 6, 1917, a terrible accident put an exclamation point on what had been a very difficult year for the Allies and for Canada in the War.

Ships from Allied and neutral countries, loaded with war supplies of food, munitions, and troops, arrived and departed from Halifax as part of convoys that crossed the Atlantic with armed warships as escorts. The two main points of departure were in Nova Scotia at Sydney, on Cape Breton Island, and Halifax. The library entrance featured the first monument built to mark the explosion, the Halifax Explosion Memorial Sculpture, created by artist Jordi Bonet. [153] The lack of coordinated pediatric care in such a disaster was also noted by William Ladd, a surgeon from Boston who had arrived to help. As black, oily soot rained down from the mushroom cloud, survivors found the streets of Halifax were littered with severed arms, legs, heads, and mutilated torsos. The damaged Exposition building in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, after the 1917 explosion. [49][27], The collision occurred at 8:45 am. group tries to bring memorial sculpture back to life", "Explosion in Halifax Harbour, December 6, 1917", "Why Nova Scotia gives Boston its Christmas tree for free every year", The Maritime Museum of the Atlantic Halifax Explosion web page, Think Like a Historian: The Halifax Explosion, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halifax_Explosion&oldid=991842627, Industrial fires and explosions in Canada, Events of National Historic Significance (Canada), All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 2 December 2020, at 02:41.

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